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Research source
MLA
Start your Works Cited entry with the name of the author. Type the last name of the first author, followed by a comma, then their first name. Place a comma after the first author's name, followed by the word "and," then type the name of the second author in first name-last name format. Place a period at the end of the last author's name. Example: Armour, Philip, and Melanie A. Zaber. If there are 3 or more authors, type only the name of the first author followed by the abbreviation "et. al." For example, if the example working paper had 3 authors, you would type "Armour, Philip, et al."
Provide the title of the paper in quotation marks. Type the title of the paper in title case, capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs in the title. Include any original punctuation included in the title. Otherwise, place a period at the end of the title, inside the closing quotation marks. Example: Armour, Philip, and Melanie A. Zaber. "Does Student Loan Forgiveness Drive Disability Application?"
Add publication information for the working paper. Type the full, unabbreviated name of the NBER in italics, followed by a comma. Add the year the paper was published, also followed by a comma. Then, provide the URL for the paper, followed by a period. Example: Armour, Philip, and Melanie A. Zaber. "Does Student Loan Forgiveness Drive Disability Application?" National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020, https://www.nber.org/papers/w26787.
Use the "optional element" slot to identify the source as a working paper. Since an NBER working paper isn't otherwise identified as a working paper in the publication information, add that information to the end of your citation. This note alerts your readers that the paper has not been officially accepted for publication. Example: Armour, Philip, and Melanie A. Zaber. "Does Student Loan Forgiveness Drive Disability Application?" National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020, https://www.nber.org/papers/w26787. Working paper. MLA Works Cited Entry Format: AuthorLast, First. "Title of Paper in Title Case." National Bureau of Economic Research, Year, URL. Working paper.
Provide the author and page number for in-text citations. At the end of any sentence in which you quote or paraphrase the source, add a parenthetical citation inside the closing punctuation for the sentence. Include the last name of the first author and the page number or page range with no intervening punctuation. For example, you might write: The 2013 inclusion of student loan forgiveness in cases of total and permanent disability increased disability filings by as much as 50% (Armour 2). If you include the author's name in the text of your paper, you only need the page number or page range in your parenthetical citation.
APA
Start your Reference List entry with the name of the author or authors. Type the last name of the author, followed by a comma, then type their first initial. If there is more than one author, add a comma after the period following the initial and type the next author's name using the same format. Include an ampersand (&) before the final author's name. Example: Di Maggio, M., Kalda, A., & Yao, V.
Provide the year the paper was published. Type a space after the period that follows the final initial, then add the year the paper was published in parentheses. If the paper has been subsequently revised, use the year of the most recent revision. Type a period after the closing parenthesis. Example: Di Maggio, M., Kalda, A., & Yao, V. (2020).
Add the title and number of the paper. Type the title in italics. Use sentence case, capitalizing only the first word and any proper nouns in the title. If there's a subtitle, place a colon after the title and then type the subtitle in sentence case. After the title, provide the paper number in parentheses, using the phrase "NBER Working Paper No." Add a period after the closing parenthesis. Example: Di Maggio, M., Kalda, A., & Yao, V. (2020). Second chance: Life without student debt (NBER Working Paper No. 25810).
Close with the name of the NBER and the URL. Type "National Bureau of Economic Research" out in full placing a period at the end. Then add the URL where the paper can be found. Do not put a period at the end of the URL. Example: Di Maggio, M., Kalda, A., & Yao, V. (2020). Second chance: Life without student debt (NBER Working Paper No. 25810). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w25810 APA Reference List Entry Format: AuthorLast, A., AuthorLast, A., & AuthorLast, A. (Year). Title of article in sentence case (NBER Working Paper No. ####). National Bureau of Economic Research. URL
Use the author and the date for in-text citations. When you paraphrase or quote from the working paper, add a parenthetical citation to the end of the sentence with the author's name and the year of publication, separated by a comma. The citation goes inside the sentence's closing punctuation. For example, you might write: "If student debt could be discharged in bankruptcy, debtors would potentially have greater geographical mobility and work opportunities (Di Maggio, Kalda, & Yao, 2020)." If you use the name of the author in your text, simply place a parenthetical with the year of publication after their names. If you quote directly from the source, place a comma after the year in your parenthetical citation and add the page number or page range for the quote, using the abbreviation "p." or "pp."
Chicago
Start your Bibliography entry with the author's last name. Type the author's last name first, followed by their first name. If there are multiple authors, add a comma after the first author's name, then add the rest of the authors in first name-last name format, separated by commas. Include the word "and" before the final author's name. Place a period at the end. Example: Albanesi, Stefania, and Domonkos F. Vamossy.
Include the title of the working paper in quotation marks. Type the title of the paper in title case, capitalizing the first word plus all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs in the title. If the paper has a subtitle, type a colon after the title, then type the subtitle in title case. Place a period at the end. Example: Albanesi, Stefania, and Domonkos F. Vamossy. "Predicting Consumer Default: A Deep Learning Approach."
Provide the type of working paper it is, including the number. Add the phrase "NBER Working Paper No." followed by the number of the working paper. Place a period at the end of the number. Example: Albanesi, Stefania, and Domonkos F. Vamossy. "Predicting Consumer Default: A Deep Learning Approach." NBER Working Paper No. 26165.
Close your entry with the URL for the paper and date of access. Provide a direct URL for the paper, followed by a comma. Then type the word "accessed" followed by the month and year that you last accessed the paper. Place a period after the year. Example: Albanesi, Stefania, and Domonkos F. Vamossy. "Predicting Consumer Default: A Deep Learning Approach." NBER Working Paper No. 26165. https://www.nber.org/papers/w26165, accessed May 2020. Chicago Bibliography Format: AuthorLast, First. "Title of Paper in Title Case." NBER Working Paper No. ####. URL, accessed Month Year.
Adjust the punctuation and name order for footnotes and add the page number. Chicago-style footnotes typically include the same information as the Bibliography entry, except that they also include the page number or page range where the information referenced can be found. Commas are used instead of periods to separate the elements of the citation, and all names are listed in first name-last name format. The only period occurs at the end of the citation. Example: Stefania Albanesi and Domonkos F. Vamossy, "Predicting Consumer Default: A Deep Learning Approach," NBER Working Paper No. 26165, https://www.nber.org/papers/w26165, accessed May 2020, 4-7.
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