New Delhi: India is due this weekend to become only the fourth nation after the United States, Russia and China to land a spacecraft on the moon, but there is more at stake than that.
Ahead of the scheduled landing between 1:30 am-2:30 am on Saturday, AFP looks at why the mission is important for future lunar and space exploration — including of Mars.
South Pole
The Vikram lander of Chandrayaan 2 is due to land in the lunar South Pole region, a region the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) says is "completely unexplored". The lunar rover that will emerge from the spaceship will help scientists understand better the origin and evolution of the moon through studying the area's topography and minerals.
The area also has craters that are "cold traps", and which would contain a record of the early solar system.
Lunar colonisation
India's first lunar mission in 2008 — Chandrayaan-1 — did not land on the moon, but using radar detected ice in the frigid shadows of craters at the lunar poles.
Scientists believe that large amounts of water are in the South Pole, and Chandrayaan 2 will explore further how much there might be. This is important because it could determine whether having people live on the moon is feasible, said Mathieu Weiss, a representative in India for France's space agency CNES.
"If any future (human) settlements will happen on the moon, it will be in that area, because it is the only area where the temperature is constant as it's a shadowed area," Weiss said. "If you want to survive on the moon, you need water for living, and you need water for power. With water you can power engines."
Next giant leap
The last time humans were on the moon was in 1972 when the US Apollo 17 mission took Eugene Cernan, Harrison Schmitt and Ronald Evans — and five mice Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey — there and back.
According to Chandrayaan-1's director Mylswamy Annadurai, the new mission could be a "precursor for future manned missions". This could be the first step towards exploring Mars, with reaching and colonising the Red Planet viewed by government and private interests as the next challenge.
The US space agency NASA said last year it believes it can put humans on the Red Planet within 25 years. Billionaire Elon Musk wants to get people there too.
Pit-stop
But reaching Mars — which lies an average of 225 million kilometres from Earth — is hugely challenging. The moon is a relatively near 380,000 kilometres from Earth.
As such, scientists say the lunar South Pole, if as believed it has an abundance of water, will serve as a pitstop as well as a testing ground for technologies to be used to journey to Mars.
"Flying to Mars isn't an easy task. You need to learn about technology, you need to test technologies and you need to do it on the Moon. You need to have a testbed somewhere," Weiss said.
Low-cost exploration
The Chandrayaan-2 mission stands out because of its low cost, with some $140 million spent on preparations — a much smaller price tag compared with similar missions by other countries. The spacecraft also carries an orbiter, lander and a rover, all almost entirely designed and made in India.
The US, which recently marked the 50th anniversary of Neil Armstrong becoming the first human on the moon, spent the equivalent of more than $100 billion on its Apollo missions.
Chandrayaan-2, if successful, could herald the start of cheaper missions, at a time when private industry is entering the space race and striving to make exploration cheaper — and more profitable.
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