How to Simplify a Square Root

Simplifying a Square Root by Factoring

Understand factoring. The goal of simplifying a square root is to rewrite it in a form that is easy to understand and to use in math problems. Factoring breaks down a large number into two or more smaller factors, for instance turning 9 into 3 x 3. Once we find these factors, we can rewrite the square root in simpler form, sometimes even turning it into a normal integer. For example, √9 = √(3x3) = 3. Follow the steps below to learn this process for more complicated square roots.

Divide by the smallest prime number possible. If the number under the square root is even, divide it by 2. If your number is odd, try dividing it by 3 instead. If neither of these gives you a whole number, move down this list, testing the other primes until you get a whole number result. You only need to test the prime numbers, since all other numbers have prime numbers as their factors. For example, you don't need to test 4, because any number divisible by 4 is also divisible by 2, which you already tried. 2 3 5 7 11 13 17

Rewrite the square root as a multiplication problem. Keep everything underneath the square root sign, and don't forget to include both factors. For example, if you're trying to simplify √98, follow the step above to discover that 98 ÷ 2 = 49, so 98 = 2 x 49. Rewrite the "98" in the original square root using this information: √98 = √(2 x 49).

Repeat with one of the remaining numbers. Before we can simplify the square root, we keep factoring it until we've broken it down into two identical parts. This makes sense if you think about what a square root means: the term √(2 x 2) means "the number you can multiply with itself to equal 2 x 2." Obviously, this number is 2! With this goal in mind, let's repeat the steps above for our example problem, √(2 x 49): 2 is already factored as low as it will go. (In other words, it's one of those prime numbers on the list above.) We'll ignore this for now and try to divide 49 instead. 49 can't be evenly divided by 2, or by 3, or by 5. You can test this yourself using a calculator or long division. Because these don't give us nice, whole number results, we'll ignore them and keep trying. 49 can be evenly divided by seven. 49 ÷ 7 = 7, so 49 = 7 x 7. Rewrite the problem: √(2 x 49) = √(2 x 7 x 7).

Finish simplifying by "pulling out" an integer. Once you've broken the problem down into two identical factors, you can turn that into a regular integer outside the square root. Leave all other factors inside the square root. For example, √(2 x 7 x 7) = √(2)√(7 x 7) = √(2) x 7 = 7√(2). Even if it's possible to keep factoring, you don't need to once you've found two identical factors. For example, √(16) = √(4 x 4) = 4. If we kept on factoring, we'd end up with the same answer but have to do more work: √(16) = √(4 x 4) = √(2 x 2 x 2 x 2) = √(2 x 2)√(2 x 2) = 2 x 2 = 4.

Multiply integers together if there are more than one. With some large square roots, you can simplify more than once. If this happens, multiply the integers together to get your final problem. Here's an example: √180 = √(2 x 90) √180 = √(2 x 2 x 45) √180 = 2√45, but this can still be simplified further. √180 = 2√(3 x 15) √180 = 2√(3 x 3 x 5) √180 = (2)(3√5) √180 = 6√5

Write "cannot be simplified" if there are no two identical factors. Some square roots are already in simplest form. If you keep factoring until every term under the square root is a prime number (listed in one of the steps above), and no two are the same, then there's nothing you can do. You might have been given a trick question! For example, let's try to simplify √70: 70 = 35 x 2, so √70 = √(35 x 2) 35 = 7 x 5, so √(35 x 2) = √(7 x 5 x 2) All three of these numbers are prime, so they cannot be factored further. They're all different, so there's no way to "pull out" an integer. √70 cannot be simplified.

Knowing the Perfect Squares

Memorize a few perfect squares. Squaring a number, or multiplying it by itself, creates a perfect square. For example, 25 is a perfect square because 5 x 5, or 5, equals 25. Memorizing at least the first ten perfect squares can help you recognize and quickly simplify perfect square roots. Here are the first ten perfect squares: 1 = 1 2 = 4 3 = 9 4 = 16 5 = 25 6 = 36 7 = 49 8 = 64 9 = 81 10 = 100

Find the square root of a perfect square. If you recognize a perfect square under a square root symbol, you can immediately turn it into its square root and get rid of the radical sign (√). For example, if you see the number 25 under the square root sign, you know that the answer is 5 because 25 is a perfect square. Here's the same list as above, going from the square root to the answer: √1 = 1 √4 = 2 √9 = 3 √16 = 4 √25 = 5 √36 = 6 √49 = 7 √64 = 8 √81 = 9 √100 = 10

Factor numbers into perfect squares. Use the perfect squares to your advantage when following the factor method of simplifying square roots. If you notice a way to factor out a perfect square, it can save you time and effort. Here are some tips: √50 = √(25 x 2) = 5√2. If the last two digits of a number end in 25, 50, or 75, you can always factor out 25. √1700 = √(100 x 17) = 10√17. If the last two digits end in 00, you can always factor out 100. √72 = √(9 x 8) = 3√8. Recognizing multiples of nine is often helpful. There's a trick to it: if all digits in a number add up to nine, then nine is always a factor. √12 = √(4 x 3) = 2√3. There's no special trick here, but it's usually easy to check whether a small number is divisible by 4. Keep this in mind when looking for factors.

Factor a number with more than one perfect square. If the number's factors contain more than one perfect square, move them all outside the radical symbol. If you found multiple perfect squares during your simplification process, move all of their square roots to the outside of the √ symbol and multiply them together. For example, let's simplify √72: √72 = √(9 x 8) √72 = √(9 x 4 x 2) √72 = √(9) x √(4) x √(2) √72 = 3 x 2 x √2 √72 = 6√2

Knowing the Terminology

Know that the radical symbol (√) is the square root symbol. For example, in the problem, √25, "√" is the radical symbol.

Know that the radicand is the number inside the radical symbol. You will need to find the square root of this number. For example, in the problem √25, "25" is the radicand.

Know that the coefficient is the number outside the radical symbol. This is the number that the square root is being multiplied by; this sits to the left of the √ symbol. For example, in the problem, 7√2, "7" is the coefficient.

Know that a factor is a number that can be evenly divided out of another number. For example, 2 is a factor of 8 because 8 ÷ 4 = 2, but 3 is not a factor of 8 because 8÷3 doesn’t result in a whole number. As another example, 5 is a factor of 25 because 5 x 5 = 25.

Understand the meaning of simplifying a square root. Simplifying a square root just means factoring out any perfect squares from the radicand, moving them to the left of the radical symbol, and leaving the other factor inside the radical symbol. If the number is a perfect square, then the radical sign will disappear once you write down its root. For example, √98 can be simplified to 7√2.